Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

掺钴水钠锰矿对铅的吸附及对砷的氧化

为了研究过渡金属离子掺杂对锰氧化物作为环境友好材料物理化学性质的影响,在浓盐酸还原高锰酸钾制备水钠锰矿过程中添加氯化钴,在常压回流条件下一步合成了三维纳米微球状水钠锰矿,考察了其铅吸附和砷氧化能力.应用粉晶X射线衍射、化学分析、N2物理吸附、场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段表征产物晶体结...     

除磷颗粒污泥系统中不同粒径颗粒的理化特性分析

采用SBR反应器培养具有同步脱氮除磷特性的颗粒污泥.使用目数分别为100、60、40的标准检验筛将污泥颗粒按粒径大小筛分为3个等级,即150～280μm、280～450μm、>450μm进行研究,分析了不同粒径颗粒的理化特性.结果表明,颗粒化初期(第7～18 d),密实的颗粒提供良好的厌氧环境有利于加速GAOs和PAOs在颗粒内部的对底物的竞争;密实颗粒有利于PAOs的富集和加速生长,使得不同粒径颗粒含磷量存在差异:280～450μm的颗粒(以SS计)有机磷含量最高,达113.25 mg.g-1,无机磷含量最低,达15.55 mg.g-1.颗粒化后期,反应器运行第34 d,3种粒径颗粒中有机磷含量趋于一致,约为50 mg.g-1,第52 d,无机磷含量也趋于一致,约70 mg.g-1.成熟颗粒中总磷含量占11%,其中无机磷占4.24%.同时,反应器中污泥的磷含量比排水中污泥高,分析表明污泥活性和污泥龄对磷的去除效果有影响.另外,就反硝化而言,大、小粒径颗粒都有较好的厌氧反硝化能力,颗粒内部与外部溶液环境中的NO3--N浓度梯度是影响反硝化速率的重要因素.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体分解CO_2

温室效应导致全球变暖已成为全球性的环境问题之一.采用放电等离子体法转化CO2,不仅可消纳温室气体,缓解全球变暖的巨大影响,还可制备化工原料CO和O2.充分利用了C1(含1个碳原子的化合物分子)资源,对高频同轴式介质阻挡放电等离子体分解纯CO2进行了研究.结果发现:在采用不锈钢光滑内电极,放电间隙为2.0mm,注入功率为180W,气体流量为170mL/min的条件下,CO2转化率可达18.2%,CO和O2产率分别为10.1%和4.7%;增大注入功率,减小气体流量、选择合适的放电间隙和内电极形式,均有利于提高CO2转化率,获得更多的CO和O2.     

氢气还原海绵铁去除水体中硝酸盐的研究

利用小球烧结和氢气还原工艺制备了粒径1mm～5mm的多孔性球形海绵铁,对球形海绵铁去除水体中硝酸盐的效率及去除动力学进行了研究。结果表明:溶液初始pH值对硝酸盐去除效率的影响显著,初始pH值小于3时,硝酸盐的去除率随溶液初始pH的增加而逐渐降低;初始pH值大于3时,硝酸盐的去除率又随之升高。硝酸盐浓度低于10mgN/L时,硝酸盐去除率随着硝酸盐初始浓度的增加而增加,硝酸盐的残余量保持在0.4mgN/L左右;硝酸盐浓度高于20mgN/L时,硝酸盐的去除率随初始硝酸盐浓度的增加而略有降低。球形海绵铁去除硝酸盐为一级动力学反应,反应级数为0.970～1.378,表观反应速率常数为0.314h-1～0.536h-1。海绵铁还原硝酸盐的主要产物为氨氮,随着还原反应的进行,溶液pH值快速增加,氨氮以分子态氨的形式从水中逸出。进行归纳总结和对比,并以多环芳烃的提取为例列举了各方法的应用步骤,从而为其他环境样品其他有机物分析预处理提供参考。     

氧化处理水中典型酚类污染物研究进展

环境激素是一类能干扰人类和动物正常内分泌的外源性物质,对生物体的生理过程产生很大的危害。本文介绍了水处理中,典型酚类污染物氧化剂降解技术的机理、特点、应用以及局限性,主要介绍了Fenton试剂、O3、二氧化氯等氧化剂及高铁酸钾新型氧化剂在酚类废水处理中的应用。并指出了复合氧化剂、新型氧化剂与其他水处理技术的联合应用将是酚类废水氧化处理的发展方向。     

浙江南麂海域双壳贝类的腹泻性贝毒分析

为了研究腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning,DSP)在我国浙江南麂海域的分布,于2006年4月～2007年3月在浙江南麂海域的主要水产养殖区设立了六个采样点,以厚壳贻贝、条纹隔贻贝、紫贻贝、虾夷扇贝、太平洋牡蛎、野生牡蛎为对象逐月采样,用小白鼠生物测定法进行腹泻性贝毒测定。结果显示,南麂海域DSP检出率和超标率都较高,分别达到了63.3%和56.7%;DSP检出率和超标率在夏季最高,冬季最低;DSP地理分布范围较广,几乎包括了整个南麂海域;易于积累DSP的主要贝类为养殖的虾夷扇贝和紫贻贝,野生的牡蛎、条纹隔贻贝和厚壳贻贝。     

混凝法深度处理焦化废水的研究

针对焦化厂二级生化出水CODcr、色度不达标问题,研究采用PAC和PFS对焦化厂二级生化出水进行深度处理研究。研究确定了各混凝剂的最佳投药量和最适pH值,对比了各混凝剂在最佳混凝条件下的处理效果,以及在最佳投药量条件下最佳pH值。结果表明：PAC最佳投药量为6g/L,PFS最佳投药量为5.5g/L;在最佳投药量的条件下,对CODcr去除较好的是PAC,去除率为44.83%;对色度去除率两者相同,都为80%;二者最佳pH值均为7。     

大气环境质量现状评价模型存在的问题及改进——以沈阳大气指数模型为例

文章分析了几类大气环境质量现状评价模型各自存在的问题,针对这些问题,选择了较典型的沈阳大气指数模型,首先对原模型中参数进行修正,使其成为与当前执行的环境空气质量标准相对应的综合指数模型,其次,基于概率统计思想对模型进行改进,得到不同保证率下的大气环境质量现状评价模型,最后,运用SPSS软件进行实证分析,改进后模型得到的评价结果更能准确反映区域实际大气环境质量现状。     

Range of ecological impact of highway construction in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, China

The major features of different road sections were identified. Methods quantitatively determining the ecological impact of highway construction were discussed, and a demonstration was presented. The Dabao highway (from Dali to Baoshan) and the Sixiao highway (from Simao to Xiaomengyang) passing through the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region were used as examples in this paper. For the normal road sections having no important species to protect, a method of ecosystem health assessment was introduced to calculate the overall range of the ecological impact of highway construction. For the road sections having plants or soils of interest, indexes were selected and the range of impact was determined using mathematical methods such as regression analysis and variance analysis. The range of impact on animal populations was also discussed in terms of the minimum living areas required by animal populations and the fragmentation caused by highway construction. The results indicate that the zones impacted by highway construction were composed of both regular and anomalous figures, the range of impacts for different landforms of the two sample highways were substantially different; highway construction had dramatic effects on roadside ecosystem health; the impact on soil factors of farmland was greater than 200 m, and the distance may exceed 1000 m when important large animals were considered.